Billionaire Tesla boss Elon Musk has said he will move the electric carmaker's headquarters out of California, after he was ordered to keep its only US vehicle plant closed.
"Tesla will now move its HQ and future programs to Texas/Nevada immediately," the CEO tweeted.
A surfer was killed in a shark attack off a Northern California beach on Saturday that resulted in a state beach being closed, according to officials.
California State Parks said in a news release the 26-year-old man was surfing off Manresa State Beach on the northern end of Monterey Bay in Santa Cruz County around 1:30 p.m. when he was attacked by an "unknown shark species."
The Sodinokibi ransomware group claims to have stolen gigabytes of legal documents from the entertainment and law firm Grubman Shire Meiselas & Sacks (GSMLaw) that has dozens of international stars and celebrities among its clients.
...
The hackers also provided excerpts from legal agreements signed by artists, including Christina Aguilera.
The purpose of the malware is to spread a trojan named Dacls that can be used by the attackers to gain remote access. The functions it can perform include executing commands, managing the system’s files, managing the system’s processes, traffic proxying, and worm scanning.
Emily Cunningham and Maren Costa, who were both web designers at Amazon, were fired last month after they organized a virtual town hall for Seattle colleagues to hear from the company’s low-paid and largely uninsured warehouse staff. Those workers, Cunningham and Costa said, are toiling in the trenches amid a pandemic that is goosing the internet giant’s stock price even as some of them are dying of the coronavirus.
Shipping behemoth Amazon is increasingly throwing its weight into the pandemic response, sharing its staff’s web and research design expertise with scientists across the country and digging into its deep pockets to fund and shape a smattering of Covid-19 studies and projects.
The company is backing a wide range of efforts, from funding a clinical trial of blood plasma from recovered Covid-19 patients to delivering at-home coronavirus tests to health workers and others in the U.K. Much of Amazon’s work is focused on people at a high risk of being exposed to the virus, such as delivery drivers, grocery store staff, and health care workers — all roles that exist within Amazon and its subsidiaries.
The history of PROFIBUS goes back to a publicly promoted plan for an association which started in Germany in 1986 and for which 21 companies and institutes devised a master project plan called "fieldbus". The goal was to implement and spread the use of a bit-serial field bus based on the basic requirements of the field device interfaces. For this purpose, member companies agreed to support a common technical concept for production (i.e. discrete or factory automation) and process automation. First, the complex communication protocol Profibus FMS (Field bus Message Specification), which was tailored for demanding communication tasks, was specified. Subsequently, in 1993, the specification for the simpler and thus considerably faster protocol PROFIBUS DP (Decentralised Peripherals) was completed. Profibus FMS is used for (non-deterministic) communication of data between Profibus Masters. Profibus DP is a protocol made for (deterministic) communication between Profibus masters and their remote I/O slaves.
There are two variations of PROFIBUS in use today; the most commonly used PROFIBUS DP, and the lesser used, application specific, PROFIBUS PA:
- PROFIBUS DP (Decentralised Peripherals) is used to operate sensors and actuators via a centralised controller in production (factory) automation applications. The many standard diagnostic options, in particular, are focused on here.
- PROFIBUS PA (Process Automation) is used to monitor measuring equipment via a process control system in process automation applications. This variant is designed for use in explosion/hazardous areas (Ex-zone 0 and 1). The Physical Layer (i.e. the cable) conforms to IEC 61158-2, which allows power to be delivered over the bus to field instruments, while limiting current flows so that explosive conditions are not created, even if a malfunction occurs. The number of devices attached to a PA segment is limited by this feature. PA has a data transmission rate of 31.25 kbit/s. However, PA uses the same protocol as DP, and can be linked to a DP network using a coupler device. The much faster DP acts as a backbone network for transmitting process signals to the controller. This means that DP and PA can work tightly together, especially in hybrid applications where process and factory automation networks operate side by side.
Profinet implements the interfacing to peripherals [1][2]. It defines the communication with field connected peripheral devices. Its basis is a cascading real-time concept. Profinet defines the entire data exchange between controllers (called "IO-Controllers") and the devices (called "IO-Devices"), as well as parameter setting and diagnosis. IO-Controllers are typically a PLC, DCS, or IPC; whereas IO-Devices can be varied: I/O blocks, drives, sensors, or actuators. The Profinet protocol is designed for the fast data exchange between Ethernet-based field devices and follows the provider-consumer model.[1] Field devices in a subordinate Profibus line can be integrated in the Profinet system seamlessly via an IO-Proxy (representative of a subordinate bus system)....At the general meeting of the Profibus user organisation in 2000, the first concrete discussions for a successor to Profibus based on Ethernet took place. Just one year later, the first specification of Component Based Automation (CBA) was published and presented at the Hanover Fair. In 2002, the Profinet CBA became part of the international standard IEC 61158 / IEC 61784-1.
A Profinet CBA system [27] consists of different automation components. One component comprises all mechanical, electrical and information technology variables. The component may have been created with the usual programming tools. To describe a component, a Profinet Component Description (PCD) file is created in XML. A planning tool loads these descriptions and allows the logical connections between the individual components to be created to implement a plant.
The basic idea behind Profinet CBA was that in many cases it is possible to divide an entire automation system into autonomously operating - and thus manageable - subsystems. The structure and functionality may well be found in several plants in identical or slightly modified form. Such so-called Profinet components are normally controlled by a manageable number of input signals. Within the component, a control program written by the user executes the required functionality and sends the corresponding output signals to another controller. The communication of a component-based system is planned instead of programmed. Communication with Profinet CBA was suitable for bus cycle times of approx. 50 to 100 ms.
Individual systems show how these concepts can be successfully implemented in the application. However, Profinet CBA does not find the expected acceptance in the market and will no longer be listed in the IEC 61784-1 standard from the 4th edition of 2014.
In 2003 the first specification of Profinet IO (IO = Input Output) was published. The application interface of the Profibus DP (DP = Decentralized Periphery), which was successful on the market, was adopted and supplemented with current protocols from the Internet. In the following year, the extension with isochronous transmission follows, which makes Profinet IO suitable for motion control applications. Profisafe is adapted so that it can also be used via Profinet. With the clear commitment of AIDA[28] to Profinet in 2004, acceptance in the market is given. In 2006 Profinet IO becomes part of the international standard IEC 61158 / IEC 61784-2.
DNP3 (covered)
HART (covered)
Fieldbus (covered)
Ethernet/IP / Common Industrial Protocol (covered)
IEC 61850 (covered)
Siemens S7Comms (covered)
BACNet (covered)
ProfibusProfinet
No comments:
Post a Comment